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PORTS  of  the  WORLD 

GIBRALTAR 


Published  by 

BUREAU  OF  NAVIGATION 

under  authority  of  the 

Secretary  of  the  Navy 


11 1" 


I  i 


GIFT 


Foreword 


HAT  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  may 

Thave  the  latest  available  information  on  the  ports  of 
the  world,  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Sixth  Division, 
is  preparing  individual  guidebooks  on  one  hundred  of 
these  ports.  To  supplement  these  guidebooks,  illus- 
trated lectures  on  these  same  ports  are  being  pre- 
pared. In  addition  to  information  about  each  city  and 
its  surroundings,  certain  details  of  practical  interest  to 
the  sightseer  have  been  included.  However,  as  traffic  schedules, 
money  exchange,  etc.,  are  constantly  changing,  these  details  should 
be  carefully  checked  upon  arrival  in  port. 

Grateful  acknowledgment  is  made  to  the  National  Geographic 
Society  for  their  suggestions,  both  as  to  editorial  policy  and  inter- 
esting details  concerning  Gibraltar  and  its  environs. 


458676 


Five 


INDEX 


Page 

Introduction 9 

Gibraltar — Past  and  Present 11 

Gibraltar  and  the  Great  War 13 

Plan  of  City  and  Its  Environs 14 

The  Galleries 15 

The  Moorish  Castle 15 

Alameda  Gardens     = 16 

The  Barracks  of  Gibraltar 16 

The  Market 17 

The  Exchange  and  Library 17 

The  Garrison  Library 18 

The  Assembly  Rooms 18 

Recreational  Facilities        18 

Theatre  Royal 18 

The  Rock  and  Its  Environs 18 

The  Caves       19 

The  Monkeys ....  20 

Europa  Point 21 

The  Harbor 21 

Algeciras 21 


Page 

Cadiz,  the  Oldest  Town  in  Spain 23 

The  Capital  of  Morocco 24 

Granada  and  the  Alhambra 27 

Seville 28 

City  of  Malaga 29 

Gibraltar's  Neighboring  Towns 30 

Means  of  Travel 30 

Hunting  in  Spain      . 31 

Hunting  in  Morocco 32 

Centers  of  Information 33 

Cabs 33 

Hotels 33 

Restaurants  and  Coffee  Houses 34 

Money 34 

Spanish 34 

English 34 

Postage       . 35 

Churches .  35 

Climate 35 

Memoranda 36 


Seven 


Introduction 


N  THE  borderland  between  Occident  and  Orient — where  East 
meets  West  and  the  civilization  of  to-day  is  entwined  with 
the  quaint  customs  and  superstitions  of  a  veiled  yesterday — 
there  stands  a  towering  mass  of  gray  rock,  stern  and  forbidding, 
Gibraltar — Key  of  the  Mediterranean — "abode  of  romance." 

The  eyes  of  seafaring  men    have   turned  toward  Gibraltar 
since  the  earliest  days  of  history,  when  the  earth  was  believed 
to   be   flat,  and  men  sailed  their  ships  in   fear   and   trembling, 
apprehensive  lest  they  tumble  over  the  edge  of  the  world. 

Imaginative  ancients,  making  comparisons,  aptly  applied  the  term  "Pillars 
of  Hercules"  to  Gibraltar  and  the  Promontory  Abyla,  on  the  IMorocco  side  of 
the  narrow  strait. 

It  was  at  Gibraltar  where  the  adventurous  sailors  of  ancient  Phoenicia  furled 
the  sails  of  their  cockleshell  ships  and  anchored  for  awhile  to  build  silver  columns, 
declaring  the  straits  to  be  the  "limits  of  navigation." 

And  it  was  at  Palos,  a  few  miles  west  of  Gibraltar,  where  Columbus  mobilized 
his  tiny  fleet  of  three  ships  and  set  forth  with  brave  hopes,  wdthal  swiftly  beating 
heart,  on  the  voyage  which  was  to  result  in  the  discovery  of  a  new  world. 

Since  days  of  old  there  have  been  many  bitter  struggles  for  possession  of 
Gibraltar,  renowned  as  one  of  the  most  important  strategic  fortresses  in  the 
world. 


Nine 


The  blood  of  Moors  and  Spaniards  and  French  and  British  was  spilled,  and 
great  fleets  were  battered  and  sunk,  and  sailors  and  soldiers  rose  to  immortal 
fame  in  the  wars  which  raged  through  the  centuries  for  the  mastery  of  Gibraltar. 

England,  largely  because  of  the  impetuous  daring  of  Nelson,  who  secured 
this  important  strategic  position  for  his  country — but  lost  his  life  in  the  under- 
taking— has  occupied  Gibraltar  since  1704. 

And  the  story  of  England's  struggle  for  Gibraltar,  the  effect  its  possession 
has  had  on  Britain's  imperial  policy  and  the  expansion  of  her  trade,  reads  like  an 
interesting  and  absorbing  novel. 

Tourist  travel  to  the  inland  places  of  interest  in  Gibraltar  has  been  resumed 
since  the  signing  of  the  armistice.  Travelers  are  also  given  an  opportunity  to 
make  side  trips  to  Spain  and  to  the  Barbary  States,  where  Decatur  sailed  with 
his  warships  and  terrified  into  submission  the  pirates  who  had  been  preying  on 
American  merchantmen  and  endeavoring  to  exact  tribute  from  the  American 
people. 

And  the  following  pages  tell  something  of  life  and  customs  and  people  and 
places  in  Gibraltar  and  Morocco  and  neighboring  territories — ^whose  shores  are 
perpetually  kissed  by  the  restless  blue  waters  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  whose 
mode  of  living  is  a  bizarre  combination  of  East  and  West.  Here  they  meet! 
And  the  old,  old  verse  of  Kipling's  can  never,  in  this  day,  be  applied  to  this 
portion  of  the  Mediterranean — 

"  For  East  is  East  and  West  is  West, 
And  ne'er  the  twain  shall  meet." 


Ten 


GIBRALTAR 


GIBRALTAR  PAST  AND  PRESENT 

IBRALTAR  is  perhaps  the 
greatest  natural  beacon 
of  navigation.  Its  rocky 
promontory  juts  into  the 
sea  at  the  Atlantic  entrance 
to  the  Mediterranean. 

The  Gibraltar  peninsula 
runs  almost  due  north  and 
south,  and  is  about  three  miles  long  and 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  across  at  the  widest 
part.  It  is  connected  with  the  mainland  of 
Spain  by  a  sandy  isthmus  two  miles  long. 
The  central  part  of  the  isthmus  is  known 
as  the  Neutral  Zone,  at  the  southern  end 
of  which  are  gates  marking  the  frontier  of 
the  British  possessions.  The  gates  at  the 
northern  end  open  upon  Spanish  territory. 

On  account  of  its  great  strategic  value, 
Gibraltar  has  undergone  many  sieges.  It 
has  been  held  in  turn  by  the  Moors,  the 
Spanish,  and  the  British.  Over  the  doors 
of  the  shop  and  on  street  corners  are 
English  names,  giving  the  effect  of  a 
small  British  town.  Close  by,  however,  are 
shops  of  the  Oriental  type,  suggesting  the 
bazaars  of  Damascus  and  Cairo. 


-<> 


A  typical  scene  in  Waterport  Street 

The  curious  mixture  of  .\frican  and  East 
Indian  people,  thronging  the  streets  and 
crowding  the  low  doorways  of  the  shops, 
produce  an  Oriental  atmosphere. 

Eleven 


GIBRALTAR 


Gibraltar  was  the  gateway  through  which 
the  Moors  entered  vSpain  from  Northern 
Africa.  And  after  711  a.  d.  the  Rock  was 
named  Jabel-al-Tarik  (Hill  of  Tarik)  after 
the  Arab  chief  Tarikibn  Ziad,  who  built  a 
fortress  on  the  promontory,  part  of  which 
still  exists.  The  modem  name  of  Gibraltar 
is  derived  from  the  Arabian  term,  Jabel-al- 
Tarik.  In  the  fourteenth  century  it  was 
taken  by  the  King  of  Castile,  but  it  was  soon 
recaptured  by  the  Moors,  and  remained  in 
their  possession  until  the  latter  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  shortly  before  Columbus 
set  forth  on  his  voyage  of  discovery.  A  few 
years  later  the  Duke  of  Medina  Sidonia  ob- 
tained possession,  and  it  was  a  number  of 
years  before  it  became  a  Castillian  posses- 
sion once  more.  The  Spaniards  had  by  this 
time  so  strongly  fortified  it,  however,  that 
it  easily  withstood  the  Barbary  Pirates. 
Speckel  of  Strassburg,  a  German  engineer, 
is  responsible  for  the  first  heavy  and  modem 
fortifications. 

Early  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succes- 
sion, known  in  the  American  Colonies  as 
Queen  Anne's  War,  the  Spaniards  surren- 
dered the  fortress  to  the  British  Admiral 
Rooke.     From  October,   1704,  until  April, 

Twelve 


•-■si  J. 


Entering  the  Harbor  of  Gibraltar 

1705,  it  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  in  171 3  it  became  a  British 
possession  by  the  Peace  of  Utrecht. 

During  the  last  200  years  nothing  has 
been  omitted  by  the  British  to  render  the  for- 


GIBRALTAR 


tress  impregnable.  Spain  has  made  many 
efforts  to  regain  possession  of  the  great  strong- 
hold and  once  offered  $10,000,000  for  it. 

Trafalgar  is  a  low  promontory  at  the 
western  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 
On  October  21,  1805,  Lord  Nelson  won  one 
of  the  greatest  naval  battles  of  history  over 
the  combined  fleets  of  France  and  Spain, 
which  consisted  of  33  ships.  Lord  Nelson 
had  only  27.  The  British  fleet  fell  on  the 
rear  of  the  allied  fleet,  and  after  a  terrible 
contest,  in  which  the  English  admiral  lost 
his  life,  the  British  completely  disorganized 
the  hostile  fleet.  Eighteen  ships  were  cap- 
tured and  Napoleon's  naval  power  was  gone 
forever. 

GIBRALTAR  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR 

N  the  Great  War  Gibraltar 
was  the  base  of  41  ships 
and  9  subchasers  of  the 
United  States  Navy.  The 
U.  S.  S.  Sacramento  ar- 
rived in  Gibraltar  in  191 7 
followed  by  the  Birming- 
ham ,  Chester,  Nashville,  Cas- 
tine,Machias,  Marietta,  and  Paducah,  6  Coast 
Guard  cutters,  9  yachts,  and  5  destroyersv 


.\  near  view  of  Gibraltar 

Rear  Admiral  Niblack,  U.  S.  N.,  com- 
manded the  United  States  naval  forces  bas- 
ing on  Gibraltar  from  November,  191 7,  to 
January  10,  191 9,  relieving  Rear  Admiral 
H.  B.  Wilson,  U.  S.  N.,  who  had  been  in 
command  since  the  early  part  of  the  war. 

The  United  States  naval  base  was  in  the 
British  seaplane  shed  on  the  waterfront,  and 

Thirteen 


GIBRALTAR 


the  headquarters  were  in  the  Tower  Build- 
ing at  His  Majesty's  dockyard,  where  the 
interallied  commanders  met  every  morn- 
ing to  arrange  the  escort  of  convoys. 

The  naval  base  hospital  was  at  Glen 
Rocky,  near  the  British  military  hospital. 
The  enlisted  men's  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  restau- 
rant were  situated  at  No.  7  College  Lane. 
There  was  an  average  of  315  officers  and 
4,660  enlisted  men  attached  to  the  ships  and 
base.  Enlisted  men  attached  to  the  base 
were  billeted  in  the  Windmill  Hill  Barracks 
behind  the  signal  station. 

Public  moving  pictures,  exhibiting  Amer- 
ican films,  as  well  as  concerts  by  the  flag- 
ship band,  were  given  in  the  Alameda  (see 
page  16).  The  ships'  baseball  teams  played 
a  league  championship  on  the  football  field 
near  the  seaplane  shed.  Vice  Admiral  H. 
vS.  Grant,  R.  N.,  commanding  His  Majesty's 
dockyard  at  Gibraltar,  was  senior  allied 
officer  present. 

PLAN  OF  CITY  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 

The  Bay  of  Gibraltar  is  in  the  form  of  a 
horseshoe,  7  miles  long  and  5  miles  wide. 
The  harbor  is  sheltered  to  the  west  and 
south  by  breakwaters,  and  by  the  Rock  to 

Fourteen 


n<.- 


the  east.  The  eastern  side  of  the  Rock  is 
an  inaccessible  cliff,  bare  of  vegetation, 
forming  a  series  of  rugged  precipices. 

The  town  of  Gibraltar  can  be  roughly 
divided  into  two  parts — North  Town  and 
South  Town.  North  Town  is  a  commercial 
district,  and  is  by  far  the  more  important. 
It  has  two  parallel  streets,  Main  Street  and 
Irish-Town  Street.  Back  of  these  on  the 
slope  of  the  hill  the  houses  are  built  tier  on 
tier.  South  Town,  or  Rosia,  is  strictly  a 
residential  district,  although  it  accommo- 
dates the  Admiralty  quarters  and  stores. 

The  streets  are  dark  and  narrow,  but 
clean.  The  one  business  thoroughfare  is 
Main  Street,  which  runs  the  length  of  the 
town.  This  street  includes  three  former 
streets — Waterport,  Church,  and  Southport. 
Buropa  Main  Road  begins  at  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Gate  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
Alameda  Gardens  (see  page  16),  extending 
southward  to  a  large  lighthouse  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  peninsula. 

Just  outside  the  south  gate  is  the  Traf- 
algar Cemetery,  the  resting  place  of  many 
who  fell  in  Nelson's  great  battle.  The 
modern  cemetery,  where  our  American  dead 
are  interred,  is  situated  on  the  North  Front. 


GIBRALTAR 


The  population  of  Gibraltar  is  made  up 
to  a  great  extent  of  those  attached  to  the 
military  and  naval  service.  The  remainder 
consists  of  Spaniards  and  a  few  orientals. 
English  is  spoken  throughout  the  city  and 
the  environs. 

THE  GALLERIES 

"^^jjHE  so-called  "Galleries"  are 
the  great  sight  of  Gibraltar. 
They  consist  of  a  series  of 
passages  tunneled  through 
the  strata  on  the  northern 
side  of  the  Rock. 

There  are  no  other  mili- 
tary excavations  in  the 
world  that  equal  these  "Galleries,"  which 
comprise  two  ranges  or  tiers — the  upper  or 
Windsor,  and  the  lower  or  Union.  These 
can  be  reached  .from  Main  Street  by  Bell 
Lane  (opposite  the  post  office),  and  by 
stairs  to  the  artillery  barracks. 

The  Union  Galleries  are  open  to  the  public 
from  Bunrise  to  sunset,  but  no  more  than  two 
parties  of  fifteen  each  will  be  taken  through 
the  galleries  at  any  time.  Persons  wishing 
to  visit  them  must  enter  their  names  in  the 
book  kept  by  the  Moorish  Castle  Guard. 


^'^■L 


The  old  Moorish  Castle 

THE  MOORISH  CASTLE 

Above  the  artillery  barracks  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  Moorish  Castle  built  in  742  a.  d., 
the  oldest  building  in  Gibraltar.  As  a  part  of 
this  castle  is  used  for  a  prison,  it  can  only 
be  visited  by  special  permit.  If  a  pass  is 
obtainable,  however,  it  is  well  worth  the  visi- 
tor's attention,  as  the  old  harem  and  state 
apartments  are  among  the  most  interesting 
bits  of  antiquity  in  this  part  of  the  world. 

Fifteen 


GIBRALTAR 


ALAMEDA  GARDENS 

HE  Alameda  Gardens  are 
beautifully  situated  be- 
tween the  British  and 
Spanish  towns.  Luxuriant 
and  tropical  vegetation 
produces  a  horticultural 
effect  which  would  be  hard 
to  surpass.  Geraniums  lo 
feet  in  height  and  heliotrope  in  profusion 
add  beauty  to  the  scene  and  fill  the  air  with 
fragrance.  Pepper,  coffee,  and  fig  trees 
flourish   here  also. 

A  rustic  bridge,  fantastic  floral  designs, 
and  a  whale  jaw  arch  contribute  to  the 
landscape  gardening.  Toward  evening  the 
military  band  plays  here  and  the  gardens 
become  the  center  of  the  social  activity  of 
Gibraltar. 

THE  BARRACKS  OF  GIBRALTAR 

The  military  barracks,  naval  hospital, 
and  the  town  of  Rosia  are  south  of  the 
Alameda  Gardens. 

Gibraltar  is  the  scene  of  many  and 
spacious  barracks,  among  which  are  the 
Casemates,  Town  Range,   St.  Jago's,   and| 

Sixteen 


Picturesque  walk  in  Alameda  Gardens 

the  Moorish  Castle.  The  barracks  of  Wel- 
lington Front,  Kings  Bastion,  and  Orange 
Bastion  are  no  longer  occupied  by  troops, 
but  are  used  as  storehouses.  On  Gunners' 
Parade   there    is   a   barracks   building   for 


GIBRALTAR 


British  ofFiccrs.  In  the  South  District  are. 
South  Barracks,  Rosia  Barracks,  and  Buropa 
Barracks. 

THE  MARKET 

-"iN  the  17th  of  April,  1876, 
the  Prince  of  Wales  (later 
King  Edward  VII)  laid 
the  comer  stone  of  the 
present  market,  which  is 
commodious  and  well  man- 
aged. Meat  is  imported 
from  Galicia,  Southern 
Spain,  and  Morocco — the  better  grades  from 
Australia.  From  Morocco  also  come  im- 
mense quantities  of  poultry  and  eggs,  the 
former  transported  in  curious  cylindrical 
baskets  or  tubes  of  cane  work,  the  ends  of 
which  are  secured  by  cord  nettings. 

THE  EXCHANGE  AND  LIBRARY 

Commercial  Square  is  the  only  commer- 
cial building  in  Gibraltar.  It  is  operated 
by  an  exchange  committee,  elected  annually 
from  among  the  inhabitants;  it  was  founded 
by  voluntary  subscriptions  in  181 7  and  was 
publicly  opened  in  August,  1818.  Itcontains 
auction   rooms,   offices,    and  a  commercial 


II 


An  entertainment  in  the  Center  Market 

library  and  reading  room,  in  which  travelers 
(especially  those  interested  in  commerce) 
are  always  welcome. 

Seventeen 


GIBRALTAR 


THE  GARRISON  LIBRARY 

HE  garrison  library  on  Gov- 
ernor's Parade  is  the  finest 
institution  of  its  kind  in  any 
of  the  EngHsh  possessions. 
Founded  in  1 793  by  Colonel 
Drinkwater,  it  grew  so  rap- 
idly and  proved  itself  so  val- 
uable that  the  great  English 
statesman,  William  Pitt,  financed  the  erection 
of  the  present  building,  which  was  completed 
in  1804.  The  library  contains  at  the  present 
time  nearly  40,000  volumes. 

THE  ASSEMBLY  ROOMS 

The  Assembly  Rooms,  erected  in  1884, 
contain  a  ballroom,  a  movable  stage  for 
theatrical  performances  and  concerts,  a  res- 
taurant with  necessary  offices  and  kitchen. 
A  rain-water  tank  of  40,000  gallons  capacity 
surmounts  the  building.  The  east  wing  con- 
tains the  lodge  rooms  of  the  Freemasons  of 
Gibraltar,  by  whom  the  enterprise  was  begun. 

RECREATIONAL  FACILITIES 

During  the  war  Football  Field  No.  i  (built 
on  reclaimed  ground  on  the  west  shore)  was 
in  constant  use  by  the  American  bluejackets. 

Eighteen 


This  has  become  British  property  once  more, 
however.  On  North  Front,  between  Devil's 
Tower  Road  and  the  Race  Course,  there  is  a 
large  athletic  field  used  for  almost  every 
type  of  game.  Permission  to  use  this  field 
must  be  obtained  through  the  Governor. 
Swimming  beaches  may  be  found  at  Rosia 
on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  Peninsula. 

THEATRE  ROYAL 

The  Theatre  Royal  has  been  almost 
entirely  rebuilt  and  remodeled.  It  accommo- 
dates about  1,000  persons  and  is  one  of  the 
chief  places  of  entertainment  in  Gibraltar. 

THE  ROCK  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS 

A  road  (lower  than  the  one  to  Alameda 
Gardens)  skirting  the  great  dry  docks,  naval 
station,  and  barracks,  leads  to  a  battery  of 
big  guns.  A  fine  view  of  Africa  and  the 
Mediterranean  can  be  obtained  near  the  light- 
house on  Europa  Point. 

As  the  west  side  of  the  Rock  descends 
sheer  to  the  sea,  it  has  been  impossible  to  con- 
struct a  roadway,  and  one  must  pass  through 
the  town  again  in  order  to  reach  the  north  side. 

On  the  road  the  visitor  passes  a  Jewish 
cemetery  with  its  flat  tombstones.     Above 


GIBRALTAR 


can  be  seen  the  openings  to  the  rock  galler- 
ies, and  an  occasional  gun. 

Rounding  the  point  one  sees  the  little  fish- 
ing village  of  Genoese  in  its  sheltered  cove. 
Above  it  are  steep  rocks  formed  by  cement 
into  a  reservoir  which  contains  rain  vv^ater. 
The  water  supply  system  of  Gibraltar,  com- 
posed of  watersheds  on  the  Rock,  and  tun- 
nels and  reservoirs  within  the  Rock  itself  is  a 
wonderful  piece  of  engineering.  The  rain 
water  supplied  to  the  town  and  to  ships  for 
drinking  purposes  is  collected  on  catchment 
areas  in  the  east  and  west  side  of  the  upper 
part  of  tlie  Rock.  The  quality  of  the  drink- 
ing water  supplied  by  these  reservoirs  is  excel- 
lent and  no  chemical  or  mechanical  treatment 
is  found  necessary. 

THE  CAVES 

^}  UE  to  the  limestone  formation 
of  the  Rock,  there  are  many 
caves — the  largest  of  which 
is  St.  Michael's.  It  is  i  ,000 
feet  above  sea  level,  and  can 
be  entered  only  through  a 
small  opening.  Within  is 
a  lofty  hall,  250  feet  long, 
90  feet  wide,  and  70  feet  high.  vStalactites 
produce  the  impression  of  a  Gothic  cathedral. 


The  Rock  from  Spanish  territory 

Leading  from  this  large  hall  are  numerous 
small  caves,  in  which  fossil  remains  have 
been  found.  Great  labor  and  a  large 
amount  of  money  have  been  expended  in 

Nineteen 


GIBRALTAR 


attempting  to  penetrate  all  of  these  caves, 
but  up  to  the  present  time  many  of  the 
minor  ones  have  remained  unexplored. 

THE  MONKEYS 

HE  monkeys  and  apes  living 
in  caves  in  the  Rock  are 
among  the  chief  diversions 
of  the  place.  These  ani- 
mals are  carefully  pro- 
tected by  law ;  they  are  fed 
by  the  British  Army,  and 
are  under  the  protection  of 
an  oflficer.  Like  the  storks  in  Holland  and 
the  ibis  in  Egypt,  they  enjoy  a  complete 
immunity  from  molestation.  They  may  be 
seen  on  the  western  face  of  the  Rock,  par- 
ticularly when  an  east  wind  is  blowing.  They 
live  chiefly  upon  food  given  them  by  the  sol- 
diers, the  sweet  roots  of  the  palmetto  trees, 
the  products  of  gardens  and  orchards  of  the 
vicinity  and  even  the  pantries  of  the  resi- 
dences. It  is  common  practice  for  house- 
keepers to  screen  their  windows  against  them. 
These  apes  are  of  African  species.  It 
is  uncertain   as  to  how    they  reached 

Twenty 


The  Monkey  caves 

Spanish  side  of   the   Mediterranean,  but  it 
is  believed   that   they   have   inhabited    the 


GIBRALTAR 


Rock  for  many  centuries,  taking  tip  their 
abode  here  when  the  peninsula  was  still 
connected  with  the  African  coast. 

EUROPA  POINT 

UROPA  Point  (Ancient 
lycon)  fonns  the  southern 
end  of  the  Rock  of  Gibral- 
tar, presenting  a  front  run- 
ning northwest  and  south- 
east 600  yards.  At  the 
extremity  of  the  point,  on 
a  cliff  98  feet  high,  is  Vic- 
toria Tower,  61  feet  in  height.  The  light  on 
this  tower  is  visible  for  18  miles. 

THE  HARBOR 

The  harbor  of  Gibraltar  is  protected  by 
three  breakwaters,  or  moles — New  or  vSouth 
Mole,  North  Mole  or  Old  Mole,  and  Commer- 
cial or  Detached  Mole.  Old  Mole  was  con- 
structed in  the  fourteenth  century.  The 
docks  of  the  New  Mole  are  used  by  the 
British  and  foreign  navies.  The  Waterport 
Wharf  is  the  general  landing  place  for  pas- 
senger and  merchant  vessels. 


Looking  across  the  Bay  from  Gibraltar  to  Algeciras 

Gibraltar  is  a  free  port.  The  exports 
include  wool,  lead,  and  copper.  Cottons, 
woolens,  and  wines  are  imported. 

ALGECIRAS 

Northwest  of  Gibraltar  just  across  the 
bay  is  Algeciras.  vSteamers  ply  between  the 
two  several  times  a  day.  The  fare  is  2^ 
pesetas  (see  page  34)  round  trip,  a  half 
hour  being  required  for  the  run. 

Tirenty-One 


GIBRALTAR 


The  little  Spanish  city  of  Algeciras  was 
brought  into  the  limelight  in  1906  through 
the  international  conference  held  there  for 
the  consideration  of  Moroccan  affairs.  It  is 
believed  that  the  seeds  of  the  Great  War 
were  sown  in  this  Algeciras  Conference. 
I'^rance,  Germany,  Austria-Himgary,  Bel- 
gium, Spain,  Great  Britain,  the  Nether- 
lands, Portugal,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  the 
United  vStates  were  represented.  In  this 
conference  the  control  over  ]\Iorocco  de- 
sired by  Germany  went  to  F" ranee.  It  is 
said  that  this  decision  was  largely  due  to  the 
influence  of  Great  Britain,  and  that,  as  a 
result,  the  Kaiser  swore  vengeance  against 
the  nation  that  had  brought  about  the  frus- 
tration of  his  plans.  Austria  was  the  only 
nation  that  supported  Germany  in  the  Alge- 
ciras Conference. 

During  the  summer  season  Algeciras  is 
a  popular  watering  place.  The  principal 
hotel  is  the  Reina  Cristina  near  the  south 
end  of  the  pier.  Rates  as  recently  quoted 
are  10  and  15  pesetas  per  day,  European 
plan;  dinner,  8  pesetas;  luncheon,  5  pesetas 

Twenty-  Two 


Dignity  in  rags 

and  breakfast,  2  pesetas.     There  are  several 
restaurants  in  the  principal  square. 

The  train  schedule  to  Madrid,  Seville, 
and  Cadiz  can  be  ol)tained  from  the  hotel  in 
Algeciras,  as  it  is  from  here  that  connections 
with  most  of  the  inland  points  are  made. 


GIBRALTAR 


CADIZ.  THE  OLDEST  TOWN  IN  SPAIN 

-— ^j[  ROM  Algeciras  it  is  possible 
^■''  to  take  a  train,  a  motor  bus, 
or  one  of  the  daily  steamers 
to  Cadiz,  the  nearest  large 
town  in  Spain.  The  train 
trip  occupies  1 2  hours. 

The  population  of  Cadiz 
to-day  is  about  67,000.  It 
is  the  oldest  city  in  Spain — was  celebrat- 
ing its  400th  anniversary  when  Rome  was 
founded.  Here  Hamilcar  and  Hannibal, 
the  great  Carthaginian  generals,  equipped 
their  armies  for  their  attempt  to  overthrow 
Rome  in  the  days  of  Fabius  Maximus  two 
centuries  before  the  Christian  era.  It  was 
from  here  also  that  many  of  the  mariners 
who  first  explored  America  sailed. 

Cadiz  enjoyed  her  greatest  era  of  pros- 
perity immediately  after  the  discovery  of 
America,  as  she  then  became  the  chief  port 
for  the  New  World  traffic.  Although  its 
importance  began  to  wane  when  Spain's 
colonial  possessions  began  to  diminish,  its 
commerce  reached  low-water  mark  follow- 
ing the  destruction  of  Spanish  trade  with 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  as  a  result  of  the 
Spanish-American  War. 


A  rise  in  beef 

The  city  is  remarkable  for  its  elegance 
and  cleanliness.  A  famous  WTiter  has  said 
that  the  most  fitting  description  of  the  port 
is  the  word  "white"  written  with  a  white 
pencil  on  blue  paper.  The  houses  are  cov- 
ered with  frequent  coats  of  whitewash,  so 
that  from  a  distance  they  seem  to  be  made 

Twenty-Three 


GIBRALTAR 


of  plaster  of  Paris.  Hundreds  of  little 
towers,  rising  above  the  flat  roofed  houses, 
produce  the  impression  of  minarets  against 
the  oriental  skyline. 

The  principal  street  of  Cadiz  is  Calle  de 
Duque  de  Teutan  which  runs  southeast 
from  the  Plaza  de  la  Constitucion.  Here 
and  on  the  Calle  Columela  are  the  best  shops 
of  the  city.  Cadiz  is  celebrated  for  its 
guitars,  castanets,  and  fans. 

The  best  view  of  the  town  and  of  the 
ocean  is  to  be  had  from  the  Torre  del  Virgia, 
a  watchtower  from  which  all  passing  ships 
are  signalled.  It  is  in  the  center  of  the 
town  on  the  Calle  Sacremento  and  may  be 
visited  upon  application. 

THE  CAPITAL  OF  MOROCCO 

T  is  only  a  short  trip  of  32 
miles  by  steamer  from 
Gibraltar  to  Tangier, 
the  Moroccan  capital, 
where  one  may  get  a  real 
glimpse  of  oriental  life. 
Steamers  sail  from  this 
port  on  Tuesdays,  Thurs- 
days, and  Saturdays  at  11.00  a.  m.  The 
larger  steamers,  such  as  those  of  the  Royal 

Twenty-Four 


IB 

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£^M^ 

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l^P* 

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Morrocan  misery 

Mail  Line,  sail  once  a  week.     Arrangements 
are  easily  made  for  a  special  trip. 

Tangier  is  picturesquely  situated  on  the 
hilly  side  of  the  Bay  of  Tangier.  Here  one 
finds  perhaps  a  more  interesting  intermin- 
gling of  European  and  oriental  customs  and 
manners  than  in  any  other  port  in  the  world. 


GIBRALTAR 


The  major  portion  of  the  population  is 
Mohammedan.  Of  the  remaining,  about 
one-half  are  Moroccan  Jews;  the  others  are 
chiefly  Spaniards.  Most  of  the  people  seen 
on  the  streets  are  men.  Women  of  the 
better  class  never  go  out  except  on  Fridays, 
when  they  visit  other  women,  and  on  a  cer- 
tain day  every  year  when  they  go  to  the 
mosque. 

Tangier  is  surrounded  by  an  old  wall 
with  picturesque  gates,  and  surmounted  at 
internals  by  towers.  The  kasba,  or  citadel, 
rises  above  the  city  proper. 

The  narrow,  uneven  streets  in  the  old 
part  of  the  town  present  a  vivid  scene  of 
oriental  life.  The  noisy  crowds  reveal  a 
great  variety  of  types.  The  solemn  Moors, 
stalking  along  in  brilliant  burums,  yellow 
slippers,  bright  turbans  or  fezes,  are  elbowed 
by  Jews  in  black  caftans  and  fezes. 

The  houses  are  of  the  Spanish  type  with 
interior  courts.  The  doorway  of  a  Moorish 
house  is  protected  merely  by  a  curtain; 
when  the  owner  wishes  privacy  he  leaves  a 
slipper  outside  as  a  sign  that  his  curtain 
must  not  be  raised. 

Most  of  the  streets  are  impassible  for 
wheeled  vehicles;  mules  serv^e  as  beasts  of 


l(< 


^ 


f> 


i:. 


.  ,.-^..-,-^  •«- -.■^'»i*'i=ii-gj*  . 


k^-:^ 


The  Fort  and  Town  of  Tangier  from  the  J  city 

burden;  their  approach  is  heralded  by  cries 
of  "balek"  (look  out). 

The  IMain  Street  of  Tangier  begins  just 
beyond  the  Customhouse,  winding  up  the 
hill  to  the  New  Market  on  the  west  and  to 
the  Socco  de  Barra  (the  outer  market)  on 
the  southeast.  It  ends  at  the  Square  of 
the  Blacksmiths. 

The  chief  sights  of  Tangier  may  be  seen 
on  Main  Street,  in  the  markets,  and  about 
the  kasba,  or  citadel.  Sunday  and  Thurs- 
day are  market  days,  when  groups  of  inter- 
ested onlookers   crowd   about  the  jugglers 

Twenty-Five 


GIBRALTAR 


and  snake  charmers;  the  ever-present  beg- 
gars pass  through  soliciting  alms,  and  above 
the  ordinary  noises  can  be  heard  the  din  of 
the  fakirs  and  the  calls  of  the  market  men. 
Indeed,  the  only  place  where  crowding  and 
tumult  cease  is  at  the  very  center  of  the 
market  where  the  patron  saint  is  enthroned 
in  the  sanctuary. 

Beyond  the  Great  Mosque  and  the  small 
Socco  (inner  market)  is  the  Square  of  the 
Blacksmiths.  The  North  Gate  opens  on 
Marshan  Road  leading  to  the  kasba  or 
citadel.  This  was  built  in  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Standing  on  the  highest  point  of  the 
town,  the  citadel  commands  a  wonderful 
view  of  the  Bay  and  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 
Among  its  fine  Moorish  buildings  are  the 
Palace  of  the  Sultan,  a  mosque,  a  prison, 
the  treasury,  and  a  garden.  From  the  east- 
ern gate  of  the  kasba  a  footpath  descends 
to  the  town ;  the  view  en  route  is  one  of  the 
great  sights  of  Tangier. 

Guides  may  be  secured  at  all  the  hotels 
in  Tangier  at  from  5  to  lo  pesetas  a  day. 
Besides  pointing  out  the  most  important 
places,  they  will  direct  travelers  to  the  best 
cafds  and  coffeehouses. 


Twenty-Six 


Homes  and  public  buildings — Tangier 

The  Cecil  Hotel,  the  Continental  Hotel, 
and  the  Pension  de  France  are  patronized 
by  the  English  and  Americans. 

An  excellent  bathing  beach  and  com- 
modious bathhouses  will  be  found  on  the 
Plaza  Grande.  Strangers  should  not 
attempt  to  enter  mosques  or  Mohammedan 


GIBRALTAR 


cemeteries  unless  authorized  to  do  so.     This 
caution    should    be    strictly    obser\'ed. 

GRANADA  AND  THE  ALHAMBRA 

__;  HE  trip  to  Granada  and  the 

"        Alhambra  is  usually  made 

in    about    ii    hours    from 

Algeciras  or  from  Malaga 

by  train. 

Granada  and  Granada's 
jewel,  the  Alhambra,  must 
be  seen  to  be  fully  appre- 
ciated. Dr.  James  H.  Gore  says  of  this 
fortified  palace-citadel  of  the  Moorish  kings 
of  Granada,  "With  a  wealth  of  profuseness 
in  its  resplendent  decorations  and  daring 
caprices  in  Moorish  and  Saracenic  archi- 
tecture, we  seem  to  be  transferred  to  the 
glories  of  Bagdad  and  to  behold  a  realization 
of  the  Arabian  Nights." 

"See  Naples  and  die"  has  long  been  a 
popular  saying.  "See  Spain  and  under- 
stand the  accomplishments  of  the  world" 
might  be  a  fitting  expression  for  the  traveler 
of  to-day. 

A  visit  to  Granada  should,  if  possible,  be 
preceded  by  reading  a  little  Spanish  history. 
Irv^ng's  "Tales  of  the  Alhambra,"  or  Pres- 


The  Socco  de  Barra  or  Center  Market — Tangier 

cott's  "Ferdinand  and  Isabella"  would  not 
only  prove  entertaining  but  would  help  the 
reader  understand  the  IMoorish  and  Spanish 
atmosphere  more  thorouglily. 

In  showing  travelers  through  the  various 
halls  and  courts  of  the  Alhambra,  the  guides 
usually  make  the  following  tour:  Puerta  de 
los  Garros,  across  the  Great  Square  to  the 
modern  entrance;  Patio  of  the  Fishpond; 
Court  of  the  Lions;  Hall  of  the  Abercer- 
ranges;  Hall  of  Tribune;  Hall  of  Two  Sis- 

Twenty-Seven 


GIBRALTAR 


ters;  Boudoir  of  the  Sultana  Lindaraxa, 
overlooking  an  orange  garden;  Moorish 
Baths;  Hall  of  the  Camas;  Hall  of  the  Am- 
bassador; Hall  of  the  Palace  of  the  Wailies; 
Ancient  Chapel;  Palace  of  Charles  the  Fifth. 
Then  the  party  will  cross  the  great  square 
to  the  Vela  or  Watchtower,  whence  there 
is  a  magnificent  prospect  of  the  plain  of 
Granada.  The  "Last  Sigh  of  the  Moor"  is 
another  interesting  feature  of  the  Alhambra. 

Note. — ^There  are  5,000  gypsies  living 
in  rock  caves  at  Granada.  A  gypsy  concert 
may  often  be  arranged  at  the  hotels. 

SEVILLE 

BVILLE,  located  about  80 
miles  northeast  of  Cadiz, 
may  be  reached  by  boat 
or  train  from  Gibraltar  via 
Cadiz  in  about  12  hours. 
Seville  was  a  place  of 
great  importance  during 
the  later  years  of  Roman 
dominion;  it  was  the  birthplace  of  three  of 
Rome's  greatest  emperors — ^Hadrian,  Tra- 
jan, and  Theodosius.  It  became  the  capital 
of  southern  Spain  during  the  time  when  the 
Vandals  and  the  Goths  held  sway.     Under] 

Twenty-Eight 


A  general  view  of  Tanj;ier 

the  Arabs,  in  the  eighth  century,  it  reached 
a  population  of  400,000.  It  was  one  of  the 
first  points  to  which  Columbus  went  seeking 
Spanish  aid  for  his  proposed  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, and  was  one  of  the  first  cities  to 
profit  commercially  by  the  opening  of  trade 
with  the  new  world. 

One  of  the  largest  and  noblest  cathedrals 
in  the  world  is  in  Seville.  It  contains  the 
monument  to  Christopher  Columbus,  whose 
remains  were  brought  from  Havana  in  1899. 
The  magnificent  tower  was  erected  by  the 


GIBRALTAR 


Moors  as  an  observatory  and  later  con- 
verted into  a  bell  tower  by  the  Spaniards, 
who  did  not  know  of  its  real  purpose. 

Among  the  many  points  of  interest  in 
this  beautiful  old  city  are  the  Plaza  de 
Torros,  the  scene  of  many  Spanish  bull 
fights  where  1 2,000  spectators  can  be  accom- 
modated, and  the  Torre  del  Oro  (Tower  of 
Gold) ;  the  Palace  of  San  Telmo  and  the 
great  tobacco  factory  employing  thousands 
of  girls  are  also  well  worth  seeing.  The 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  situated  at  St.  Augustine  II. 
The  secretary  is  Pastor  Bmilio  Carreho. 

CITY  OF  MALAGA 

HIS  important  city  is  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  Malaga 
Bay,  60  miles  east  of 
Gibraltar,  and  is  built  close 
to  the  sea  at  the  foot  of 
high  mountains.  The  chief 
buildings  are  the  Cathe- 
dral, Bishop's  Palace,  sev- 
a  college  of  medicine  and 
customhouse.  The  building 
most  worthy  of  notice  is  the  cathedral  with 
a  spire  rising  270  feet  above  the  bay.  The 
picturesque  ruins  of  Malaga's  ancient  forti 


eral   churches, 
surgery,  and  a 


P^ 


A  glimpse  of  Granada,  Spain,  northwest  from 
Generalife 

lications  and  castles,  flanked  by  lofty 
mountains,  can  be  seen  at  a  distance  of 
about  25  miles.  The  castle  standing  on  the 
summit  of  Monte  de  Gibralfaro,  555  feet 
high,  may  be  recognized  by  its  large  square 

Twenty-Nine 


GIBRALTAR 


tower  and  white  embattled  walls.  The 
cathedral  clock  tower  is  also  a  conspicuous 
beacon. 

Malaga  is  easily  reached  from  Gibraltar 
by  boat  or  by  rail  from  Algeciras  in  about 
2X  hours.  It  is  also  a  point  of  communi- 
cation with  every  part  of  Spain. 

GIBRALTAR'S  NEIGHBORING  TOWNS 

XCELLENT  opportunities 
to  visit  Spanish  cities 
and  the  lesser  towns  are 
afforded  by  sailboat  or 
automobile  trips  from  Gi- 
braltar and  Algeciras. 
Some  of  these  neighboring 
towns  are :  Castellar,  popu- 
lation 1,450;  Jimena,  population  9,029;  Los 
Barrios,  population  6,581 ;  Sa  Rouque,  popu- 
lation 10,165;  and  Tarifa,  population  12,522. 

MEANS  OF  TRAVEL 

Gibraltar  has  a  good  steamship  service 
to  the  nearby  ports.  Steamers  leave  daily 
for  Tangier;  there  are  two  daily  steamers  to 
Algeciras.  There  is  a  railroad  from  Alge- 
ciras to  the  central  Spanish  cities.  The  rail 
line  from  Algeciras  joins  the  main  line  from 


Thirty 


The  Court  of  the  Myrtles  in  Alhambra,  Granada,  Spain 

Malaga  to  Bobadilla.     From  here  there  is  a 
railroad  to  Madrid,  Seville,  and  Cadiz. 

From  ]\Ialaga  there  is  also  a  branch  line  to 
Granada;  from  Algeciras  there  is-  a  line 
to  Cadiz  and  Seville.     A  great  saving  can 


GIBRALTAR 


be  effected  by  buying  kilometer  traveling 
coupons  at  the  Gibraltar  booking  office. 

Before  the  railroad  connections  with 
Cadiz  were  completed  in  the  seventies, 
communication  between  the  Rock  and 
interior  points  was  by  horseback  and  by 
pack  trains.  Of  greater  importance  than 
the  opening  of  this  road  was  the  opening 
of  the  Algeciras-Bobadilla  Railway  in  1890. 
Due  to  these  improvements  innumerable 
places  in  Spain  are  now  within  easy  reach 
of  the  traveler,  although  horses  and  donkeys 
are  still  used  at  certain  points  along  the  line. 

HUNTING  IN  SPAIN 

OT  many  years  ago  the 
vicinity  of  Gibraltar  was 
open  to  every  sportsman. 
To-day,  however,  the 
hunter  is  confronted  al- 
most everywhere  by  the 
sign  "Cote"  (preser\'e)  or 
"Acote  y  Cerrodo"  (pre- 
ser\^ed  and  enclosed).  Licenses  to  hunt  in 
Spain  may  be  secured  from  the  Civil 
Governor  at  Cadiz;  the  Spanish  Consul  at 
Gibraltar  can  also  arrange  these  licenses. 
The   usual   license   obtained    by   people   in 


i>\ 


Ornamented  doorway  to  the  Court  of  Lions,  Albanibra, 
Granada,  Spain 

Gibraltar  is  a  second-class  license,  costing 
30  pesetas.  It  is  often  necessary  to  obtain 
a  written  permit  from  the  owner  of  the 
land  on  which  one  wishes  to  hunt. 

Thirty-One 


GIBRALTAR 


The  Spanish  hunters  have  always  guard- 
ed carefully  the  mountain  regions  where  the 
ibex,  roe  deer,  and  wild  bear  abound,  but 
the  marshes  and  flooded  ground  frequented 
by  British  sportsmen  were  often  disregarded 
by  them.  The  best  hunting  seasons  can 
not  always  be  estimated  with  accuracy,  as 
they  vary  with  the  rainy  and  dry  seasons. 
As  many  of  the  marshes  have  been  closed, 
the  people  of  Gibraltar  find  it  necessary  to 
look  for  game  at  some  distance,  often  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cadiz.  The  Gibraltar  directory 
has  full  details  of  this  subject.  It  suggests 
any  respectable  native  of  the  Rock  as  a 
suitable  guide  for  a  hunting  party.  A  man 
of  this  type  will  be  of  great  advantage  to 
the  sportsman  as  an  interpreter  and  to  fur- 
nish necessary  information  about  game  laws, 
etc.     Professional  guides  should  be  avoided. 

HUNTING  IN  MOROCCO 

Hunting  in  Morocco  is  more  expensive 
than  in  Spain,  since  hunters  must  take  tents 
with  them.  The  sport  is  often  excellent, 
however,  and  worth  added  expense.  Trips 
are  usually  made  on  horseback  with  pack  ani- 
mals. "  By  far  the  best  way  to  organize  an 
expedition  into  Morocco,"  says  the  Gibraltar 

Thirty- Two 


Directory,  "is  to  contract  with  some  one  at 
Tangier  to  carry  out  all  arrangements  at  so 
much  a  day,  including  dragoman,  cook, 
muleteers,  transport,  tents,  and  camp  equip- 
ment. The  cost  of  such  an  expedition  for 
two  people  should  be  approximately  £2  (two 
pounds)  or  $10.00  a  day  each.  For  three 
people  or  more,  it  should  be  less  in  propor- 
tion, as  the  same  cook  and  ser\'ants  could 
be  used  in  a  slightly  larger  party.  It  is 
advisable  to  take  a  head  'dragoman'  who 
speaks  Moorish  and  Spanish." 

When  traveling  in  Morocco  it  is  always 
necessary  to  obtain  from  the  authorities  at 
Tangier  a  military  escort  whose  presence 
is  a  sign  to  the  tribesman  that  the  party  is 
under  government  protection.  Of  recent 
years  it  has  been  considered  unwise  for 
travelers  to  go  far  into  the  country. 

No  large  game  except  wild  pigs  is  found 
in  Morocco  in  the  districts  accessible  to  the 
ordinary  traveler.  Small  game  shooting, 
however,  is  remarkably  good.  Barbary 
partridge  (a  species  closely  allied  to  the 
European  red-legged  partridge)  is  found  in 
extraordinary  numbers.  A  very  good  plan 
is  to  engage  a  Spanish  sportsman  at  Tangier 
to  accompany  the  party. 


GIBRALTAR 


CENTERS  OF  INFORMATION 

NI^ORMATION  regarding 
trips  or  other  matters  of 
interest  to  travelers  may 
be  obtained  at  the  auto- 
mobile offices,  south  of  the 
river  in  Algeciras,  or  from 
Thomas  Cook  &  Sons,  on 
Main  Street,  Gibraltar. 
Other  centers  of  information  in  Gibraltar 
are  the  Assembly  Rooms,  the  banks,  and  the 
American  Consulate  located  on  Prince  Ed- 
ward Road.  For  6d  (six  pence)  a  copy,  the 
monthly  official  directory  may  be  pur- 
chased at  Headquarters  Office,  Governor's 
Lane,  or  at  A.  Beauland's,  Main  Street. 

CABS 

Cab  stands  will  be  found  at  Waterport 
Gate,  Commercial  Square,  and  Cathedral 
vSquare.  It  is  well  to  arrange  the  price  with 
the  driver  before  starting.  An  omnibus 
leaves  every  15  minutes  from  Commercial 
Square  to  the  New  Mole  Parade.  The  fare 
is  2d  (two  pence),  about  four  cents. 


^ 


The  bull  ring  at  Seville,  Spain 

HOTELS 

The  three  most  important  hotels  in 
Gibraltar  are  the  Hotel  Bristol,  Cathedral 
Square;  Grand  Hotel  and  the  Hotel  Cecil, 
Main  Street. 

Thirty-  Three 


GIBRALTAR 


RESTAURANTS  AND  COFFEE  HOUSES 

The  most  widely  known  restaurants  are : 
Cafe  Universal  on  Church  Street,  La  Victoria 
on  Main  Street,  the  Assembly  Rooms  at  the 
Alameda,  and  the  Royal  Bar,  opposite  the 
Exchange. 

MONEY 

RITISH    currency    is    legal 
tender  in  Gibraltar.    Span- 
ish money  is  often  used  in 
the  shops,  but  at  the  post 
office    and    other   govern- 
mental departments  Brit- 
ish currency  alone  is   ac- 
cepted.    The  following 
table  is  prepared  as  a  guide  for  tourists  not 
familiar   with    the   comparative  values   of 
Spanish,  English,  and  American  currency: 
SPANISH 
5  centimos  piece  equals  about  1  cent. 
1  peseta  equals  about  20  cents. 
5  peseta  piece  equals  about  $1. 

ENGLISH 
1  penny  equals  about  2  cents. 
1  shilling  equals  about  25  cents. 
1  pound  equals  about  $4.86V2. 

These  values,  however,  fluctuate.  Since 
the  war,  these  coins  have  been  below  par 

Thirty-Four 


A  forest  of  columns  in  the  Moorish  part  of  the 
Cathedral  Mosque,  Cordova,  Spain 

In  February,  1920,  the  English  pound  was 

worth  $2,.6()%  and  the  shilling  iSX  cents. 

Reliable    information    in    such    matters 

niio:ht  be  obtained  at  the  American  Consu- 


GIBRALTAR 


late  or  at  either  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Bank, 
Irish-Town  Street;  Moseley  &  Co.,  Main 
Street;  Joseph  Ferrary,  245  Main  Street; 
or  the  Money  Exchange  Office  in  ]\Iain 
Street. 

POSTAGE 

The  post  office  of  Gibraltar  is  on  Main 
Street.  Letter  postage  to  America  is  5 
cents;  parcel-post  packages  are  12  cents  for 
each  pound. 

CHURCHES 

EGULAR  services  are  held 
in  the  following  churches: 
The  Cathedral  (Episcopal), 
King's  Chapel  (Episcopal), 
Windmill  Chapel  (Roman 
Catholic),  St.  Andrews 
Church  (Presbyterian), 
Wesleyan  Church  (Metho- 
dist). The  Jcv>ish  synagogue  is  on  Line 
Wall,  behind  Bomb  House  Lane.  The  Sal- 
vation Army  headquarters  are  on  Governor 
Street. 

CLIMATE 

Gibraltar  enjoys  a  healthful  and  tem- 
perate climate.     The  winters  are  mild  and 


1 

Pastimes  of  the  gypsies — Spain 

delightful.  The  rainy  season  usually  extends 
from  October  until  the  end  of  April.  Dur- 
ing the  remaining  months  rain  seldom  falls. 
The  average  annual  rainfall  from  1900  to 
1 91 8  was  31.40  inches;  the  highest  rainfall 
was  recorded  between  1914  and  1915,  57-8i 
inches;  and  the  lowest  was  between  191 7 
and  1 91 8,  20.22  inches. 

Thirlij-Five 


GIBRALTAR 


MEMORANDUM 

These  blank  pages  should  be  used  to  note  items  of  interest  which  you  will  want  to  remember 


Thirty-Six 


GIBRALTAR 


MEMORANDUM 


Thirty-Seven 


GIBRALTAR 


MEMORANDUM 


Thirty-Eight 


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